Colombia: reaping the dividends of peace

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos prepares to join FARC leader Timoleón Jiménez in signing a peace accord. Photo: State Department/Public Domain.

The Colombian case, monitored by the
United Nations, can be characterized as an example of the theoretical and practical
field of knowledge known as “transitional justice” since the demise of the
Argentine dictatorship in 1983. Although for Professor José Zalaquett it is a
misnomer – as it focuses excessively on judicial arrangements and leaves aside
other measures such as truth-telling,
the preservation of memory and the compensation of victims – transitional
justice has become a household expression to refer to situations where a
society has to deal with a legacy of political violence and human rights
violations, aiming at compensating victims and preventing the recurrence of new
institutional breakdowns.

Now, the Colombian case has particular
features of its own that should be taken into account. As Leo Tolstoy famously
put it, “All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its
own way.” For one, Colombia’s is the oldest non-international armed conflict in
the Western Hemisphere, dragging on since 1964, when the FARC and other armed
groups embraced leftist doctrines that prompted them to take up arms against the
government, at the height of the Cold War. Armed violence between “liberals”
and “conservatives” in Colombia, however, predates the confrontation between
the United States and the Soviet Union: it dates back to the 19th
century and it reaches one of its peaks during the 1950s, in what became known
as “The Violence.”

Learning from past failed attempts at peace in the country, the final understanding between both parties is meant to be a comprehensive settlement. 

But the Colombian case is also special for it has
endured all the stages of the brief history of transitional justice, as identified by
Professor Ruti Teitel. Teitel refers to a first phase, epitomized bythe
Nuremberg trials, right after the Second World War; a second phase beginning in
the late 20th century with the fall of several Latin American
dictatorships and the Soviet Union; and a third phase, beginning with the turn
of the 21stcentury, which is currently unfolding and to which the
Colombian peace agreement will contribute substantially.

The “Final Agreement to End
the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace”, the Colombian Peace
Agreement, signed by the National Government and the FARC-EP, is
a very comprehensive document, the result of 4 years of negotiations in neutral
ground. It was drafted as 6 separate agreements, covering chapters on:  (1) a comprehensive rural reform; (2)
political participation; (3) the end of the conflict; (4) a solution to the
illicit drugs problem; (5) victims of the conflict; and (6) the implementation,
verification and endorsement process. 

Each of these individual agreements was
negotiated separately, but under the understanding that nothing was agreed
until everything was agreed. Learning from past failed attempts at peace in the
country, the final understanding between both parties is meant to be a
comprehensive settlement with the ability not only to put a definitive end to
the armed conflict in the form of a ceasefire, but also to demobilise and
demilitarise the rebel forces, to solve the political conflict, and to heal the
country and its victims after half a century
of an internal war. 

This is a very interesting and unique
agreement, in the sense that the negotiators have been especially careful regarding
the compliance with the highest standards that international law has set in this
matter: from the substance of the provisions to the formality of depositing it
in Bern as a Special Agreement pursuant to common Article 3 of the 1949
Geneva Conventions. Special attention is to be put to the Special
Jurisdiction for Peace (SJP), because the carefulness with which it was drafted
makes it look as if pulled out of a transitional justice handbook. Its
application will test and stress the best ideas, practices and lessons provided
by the special criminal tribunals established previously, in the context of other
conflicts, as evidenced by the close monitoring of the Colombian situation by
the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, who has
saluted the Agreement as a means for the Colombian people “to reap the full
dividends of peace”. 

The Colombian case also illustrates how it is easier for the parties to reach and honour an agreement when there is a strong central government sitting at the table.

The Special Jurisdiction for Peace is the
judicial component of the Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparations
and Non-Recurrence (chapter 5) and, as such, it is based on the obligation of
the State to address the rights of the victims.The victims’ main rights are the
right to justice and the right to peace, which the State has the obligation to
pursue. It is also concerned with disclosing the truth to Colombian society and
offering full legal certainty to those who participated in the conflict. To
that end, the SJP provides a special procedure to investigate and prosecute
crimes committed in the context of the conflict, as well as to pardon –
excluding amnesties for war crimes and crimes against humanity – or to apply
special criminal treatment to those responsible, whether they be members of the
FARC-EP or agents of the State. 

Notwithstanding all of the above, it would be
a mistake to consider the SJP an isolated element of the peace agreement. The
document agreed upon in August, and amended in November, has to be understood
and assessed as a whole. Its comprehensiveness and inclusiveness produces such
benefits (and sacrifices) for both parties that it increases the costs of
dishonouring the agreement in such a way that it is always better to comply. We
already saw this after the results of the
referendum: despite the negative results, the negotiating
parties saw no other option but to continue improving the terms of the
agreement. The Colombian case also illustrates how it is easier for the parties
to reach and honour an agreement when there is a strong central government
sitting at the table – unlike the case of Somalia – and when the armed
groups have enough inducements to lay down their weapons without the threat of
unfettered future political and judicial persecution – unlike the case of the Argentine military
in the 1980s.

In short, after a successful process of laying
down arms monitored by the United Nations, the Colombian peace process is one
to keep an eye on, to see how this comprehensive, as well as intricate, set of
commitments is able to secure peace and bring about a democratic as well as
just transition towards the normalization of the country.